Key Indications
Supplementation of spermidine may reduce the inflammatory cytokines and may lead to an increased production of memory cells. Autophagy may play a major role in immune defense and may support the disposal of pathogenic microorganisms. Autophagy may help mediate immunological memory in older age.
Human Studies
Spermidine, a natural polyamine, suppresses LFA-1 expression on human lymphocyte. Learn More.
Autophagy Defends Cells Against Invading Group A Streptococcus.
Animal Studies
Cytoplasmic bacteria can be targets for autophagy. Learn More.
Selective Modulation of Autophagy, Innate Immunity, and Adaptive Immunity by Small Molecules.
MHC class II antigen loading compartments continuously receive input from autophagosomes. Learn More.